generative AI models
“The Big Picture: Why Two Training Stages Exist” Nowadays, training of AI models is not done in one step. In most cases, two phases of learning take place. These two phases of learning are known as pre-training and fine-tuning. Both phases have different objectives. One can consider pre-training toRead more
“The Big Picture: Why Two Training Stages Exist”
Nowadays, training of AI models is not done in one step. In most cases, two phases of learning take place. These two phases of learning are known as pre-training and fine-tuning. Both phases have different objectives.
One can consider pre-training to be general education, and fine-tuning to be job-specific training.
Definition of Pre-Training
This is the first and most computationally expensive phase of an AI system’s life cycle. In this phase, the system is trained on very large and diverse datasets so that it can infer general patterns about the world from them.
For language models, it would mean learning:
- Grammar and sentence structure
- Lexical meaning relationships
- Common facts
Conversations and directions typically follow this pattern:
Significantly, during pre-training, the training of the model does not focus on solving a particular task. Rather, it trains the model to predict either missing values or next values, such as the next word in an utterance, and in doing so, it acquires a general idea of language or data.
This stage may require:
- Large datasets (Terabytes of Data)
- Strong GPUs or TPUs
- Weeks or months of training time
After the pre-training process, the result will be a general-purpose foundation model.
Definition of Fine-Tuning
Fine-tuning takes place after a pre-training process, aiming at adjusting a general model to a particular task, field, or behavior.
Instead of having to learn from scratch, the model can begin with all of its pre-trained knowledge and then fine-tune its internal parameters ever so slightly using a far smaller dataset.
- Fine-tuning is performed in
- Enhance accuracy for a specific task
- Assist alignment of the model’s output with business and ethical imperatives
- Train for domain-specific language (medical, legal, financial, etc.)
- Control tone, format, and/or response type
For instance, a universal language understanding model may be trained to:
- Answer medical questions more safely
- Claims classification
- Aid developers with code
- Follow organizational policies
This stage is quicker, more economical, and more controlled than the pre-training stage.
Main Points Explained Clearly
Conclusion
General intelligence is cultivated using pre-training, while specialization in expert knowledge is achieved through
Data
It uses broad, unstructured, and diverse data for pre-training. Fine-tuning requires curated, labeled, or instruction-driven data.
Cost and Effort
The pre-training process involves very high costs and requires large AI labs. However, fine-tuning is relatively cheap and can be done by enterprises.
Model Behavior
After pre-training, it knows “a little about a lot.” Then, after fine-tuning, it knows “a lot about a little.”
A Practical Analogy
Think of a doctor.
- “Pre-training” is medical school, wherein the doctor acquires education about anatomy, physiology, and general medicine.
- Fine-tuning refers to specialization. It may include specialties such as cardiology or
- Specialization is impossible without pre-training. Fine-tuning is necessary for the doctor to remain specialist.
Why Fine-Tuning Is Significant for Real-World Systems
Raw pre-trained models aren’t typically good enough in production contexts. There’s a benefit to fine-tuning a:
- Decrease hallucinations in critical domains
- Enhance consistency and reliability
- synchronize results with legal stipulations
- Adapt to local language, work flows, and terms
It is even more critical within industries such as the medical sector, financial sectors, and government institutions that require accuracy and adherence.
Fine-Tuning vs Prompt Engineering
It should be noted that fine-tuning is not the same as prompt engineering.
- Prompt engineering helps to steer the model’s conduct by providing more refined instructions, without modifying the model.
- No, fine-tuning simply adjusts internal model parameters, making it behave in a predictable manner for all inputs.
- Organizations begin their journey of machine learning tasks from prompt engineering to fine-tuning when greater control is needed.
Whether a fine-tuning task can replace
No. Fine-tuning is wholly reliant upon the knowledge derived during pre-trained models. There is no possibility of deriving general intelligence using fine-tuning with small data sets—it only molds and shapes what already exists or is already present.
In Summary
Pre-training represents the foundation of understanding in data and language that AI systems have, while fine-tuning allows them to apply this knowledge in task-, domain-, and expectation-specific ways. Both are essential for what constitutes the spine of the development of modern artificial intelligence.
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Understanding the Two Model Types in Simple Terms Both generative and predictive AI models learn from data at the core. However, they are built for very different purposes. Generative AI models are designed to create content that had not existed prior to its creation. Predictive models are designedRead more
Understanding the Two Model Types in Simple Terms
Both generative and predictive AI models learn from data at the core. However, they are built for very different purposes.
Another simpler way of looking at this is:
What are Generative AI models?
Generative AI models learn from the underlying patterns, structure, and relationships in data to produce realistic new outputs that resemble the data they have learned from.
Instead of answering “What is likely to happen?”, they answer:
These models synthesize completely new information rather than simply retrieve already existing pieces.
Common Examples of Generative AI
When you ask an AI to write an email for you, design a rough idea of the logo, or draft code, you are basically working with a generative model.
What is Predictive Modeling?
Predictive models rely on the analysis of available data to forecast an outcome or classification. They are trained on recognizing patterns that will generate a particular outcome.
They are targeted at accuracy, consistency, and reliability, rather than creativity.
Predictive models generally answer such questions as:
They do not create new content, but assess and decide based on learned correlations.
Key Differences Explained Succinctly
1. Output Type
Generative models create new text, images, audio, or code. Predictive models output a label, score, probability, or numeric value.
2. Aim
Generative models aim at modeling the distribution of data and generating realistic samples. Predictive models aim at optimizing decision accuracy for a well-defined target.
3. Creativity vs Precision
Generative AI embraces variability and diversity, while predictive models are all about precision, reproducibility, and quantifiable performance.
4. Assessment
Evaluations of generative models are often subjective in nature-quality, coherence, usefulness-whereas predictive models are objectively evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and error rates.
A Practical Example
Let’s consider a sample insurance company.
A generative model is able to:
A predictive model can:
Both models use data, but they serve entirely different functions.
How the Training Approach Differs
Why Generative AI is getting more attention
Generative AI has gained much attention because it:
However, generative AI is mostly combined with predictive models that will make sure control, validation, and decision-making are in place.
When Predictive Models Are Still Essential
Predictive models remain fundamental when:
Compliance is strictly regulated. In many mature systems, generative models support humans, while predictive models make or confirm final decisions.
Summary
The end The generative AI models focus on the creation of new and meaningful content, while predictive models focus on outcome forecasting and decision-making. Generative models will bring flexibility and creativity, while predictive models will bring precision and reliability. Together, they provide the backbone of contemporary AI-driven systems, balancing innovation with control.
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