So, First, What Is an “AI Hallucination”?

With artificial intelligence, an “hallucination” is when a model confidently generates information that’s false, fabricated, or deceptive, yet sounds entirely reasonable.

For example:

• In the law, the model might cite a bogus court decision.
• In medicine, it might suggest an intervention from flawed symptoms or faulty studies.

These aren’t typos. These are errors of factual truth, and when it comes to life and liberty, they’re unacceptable.

Why Do LLMs Hallucinate?

LLMs aren’t databases—They don’t “know” things like us.
They generate text by predicting what comes next, based on patterns in the data they’ve been trained on.

So when you ask:

“What are the key points from Smith v. Johnson, 2011?”

If no such case exists, the LLM can:
Create a spurious summary
Make up quotes
Even generate a fake citation
Since it’s not cheating—it’s filling in the blanks based on best guess based on patterns.

 In Legal Contexts: The Hazard of Authoritative Ridiculousness

Attorneys rely on precedent, statutes, and accurate citations. But LLMs can:

Make up fictional cases (already occurs in real courtrooms, actually!)
Misquote real legal text
Get jurisdictions confused (e.g., confusing US federal and UK law)
Apply laws out of context

Actual-Life Scenario:

In 2023, a New York attorney employed ChatGPT to write a brief. The AI drew on a set of fake court cases. The judge discovered—and penalized the attorney. It was an international headline and a warning story.

Why did it occur?

• The attorney took it on faith that the AI was trustworthy.
• The model sounded credible.
• No one fact-checked until it was too late.

In Medical Settings: Even Greater Risks

• In medicine, a hallucination could be:
• Prescribing the wrong medication
• Interpreting test results in an incorrect manner
• Omitting significant side effects
• Mentioning non-existent studies or guidelines

Think of a model that recommends a drug interaction between two drugs that does not occur—or worse, not recommending one that does. That’s terrible, but more terrible, it’s unsafe.

And Yet.

LLMs can perform some medical tasks:

Abstracting patient records

De-jargonizing jargonese

Generating clinical reports
Helping medical students learn
But these are not decision-making roles.

 How Are We Tackling Hallucinations in These Fields?

This is how researchers, developers, and professionals are pushing back:

 Human-in-the-loop

• There should not be a single AI system deciding in law or medicine.
• Judgment always needs to be from experts after they have been trained.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

• LLMs are paired with databases (libraries of legal precedents or medical publications).
• Instead of “guessing,” the model pulls in real documents and cites them properly.

Example: An AI lawyer program using actual Westlaw or LexisNexis material.

Model Fine-Tuning

• Good-quality, domain-specific data are fine-tuned over domain-specific models.
• E.g., a medical GPT fine-tuned on only peer-reviewed journals, up-to-date clinical guidelines, etc.
• This reduces—but doesn’t eliminate—hallucinations.

Prompt Engineering & Chain-of-Thought

• Asking the model to “explain its thinking” in step-by-step fashion.
• Helps humans catch fallacies of logic or fact errors before relying on it.

 Confirmation Layers

• Models these days come with provisions to verify their own responses against official sources.
• Tools in certain instances identify potential hallucinations or return confidence ratings.

 Anchoring the Effect

Come on: It is easy to take the word of the AI when it talks as if it has years of experience. Particularly when it saves time, reduces expense, and appears to “know it all.”
That certainty is a double-edged sword.

Think:

• A patient notified by a chatbot that their symptoms are “nothing to worry about,” when in fact, it is an emergent symptom of a stroke.
• A defense attorney employing AI precedent, only to have it challenged because the model made up the cases.
• An insurance company making robo-denials based on misread policies drafted by AI.
• They are not science fiction stories. They’re actual issues.

So, Where Does That Leave Us?

• LLMs are fantastic assistants—but terrible counselors if not governed in medicine or law.
• They don’t deliberately hallucinate, but they don’t discriminate and don’t know what they don’t know.

That is:

• We need transparency in AI, not performance alone.
• We need auditability, such that we can check every assertion an AI makes.
• And we need experts to employ AI as a tool—super tool—not magic tablet.

Closing Thought

LLMs can do some very impressive things. But not in medicine and law. “Impressive” just isn’t sufficient there.
And they must be demonstrable, safe, andatable as well.

Meanwhile, consider AI to be a very good intern—smart, speedy, and never fatigued…
But not one you’d have perform surgery on you or present a case before a judge without your close guidance.