1. Why Classification and Duty Accuracy Matter

Anything imported into India, or for that matter to any other country, needs to be correctly classified under the corresponding HS code.

That code decides:

• What are the applicable customs duties? BCD, AIDC, SWS, IGST etc.
• Does the product qualify for any exemption, FTA benefits, or quota?
• or whether it is restricted, prohibited, or requires special licensing.

Use the wrong code, or not catch a notification regarding a change in tariff, leading to:

• Overpay duty and lose profit margins, or
• Underpay and risk a fine, penalty, or seizure of the goods.
• The real challenge then would, in fact, be balancing compliance with competitiveness.

2. Major Challenges Faced by Importers

a) Complex product categorization

• Many of today’s products do not fit neatly into one HS code.
• Technology has blurred boundaries between categories.

Example:

• A smartwatch – is it a “watch”, a “communication device,” or a “computer”?
• Every classification attracts different rates and documentation.
• Similarly, hybrid machines, composite materials, and AI-enabled equipment often fall into “gray zones,” where multiple tariff headings could conceivably apply.

Even the customs officers sometimes the reason for disputes or reassessments.

b) Frequent Tariff and Policy Changes

The structure of tariffs is remodeled every year in India through a Union Budget and sometimes even more frequently by various notifications through CBIC or DGFT.

For instance,

• Budget 2025–26 reduced duties on some toy parts but added AIDC on smart meters.
• Critical mineral imports were made duty-free mid-year.
• AIDC and SWS rates change quite often.
• Manually, it is exhausting to track such updates.

Most importers realize this change only when customs levies additional duty or detains a consignment.

c) Various Factors in Duty Calculation

• Basic Customs Duty (BCD)
• Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS)
• Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess (AIDC)
• Integrated GST (IGST)
• Anti-dumping or safeguard duty, if applicable
• Each of these is computed from different “base values”.
• Even one small mistake in a single step may lead to an enormous overpayment or underpayment.

For instance, charging IGST on the wrong base value, i.e., excluding SWS, is quite common and invites audits in most cases.

d) Working with Free Trade Agreements and Preferential Tariffs

• It has also concluded the FTAs with Japan, South Korea, the UAE, and EFTA.
• Each has its own Rules of Origin or RoO, certificate requirements, and HS-based eligibility.

Importers:

• Missing the right Certificate of Origin may mean paying full duty even when you qualify for exemption.
• In contrast, incorrect availment of the benefits under FTA-incorrect HS code and wrong origin proof-all invite retrospective duty recovery with penalties.

e) The HS code is differently interpreted across various countries.

• For example, an EU product classified under 8507.60 may become 8507.60.10 in India and attract a different duty structure.
• Matching supplier invoices against locally prepared customs documentation continues to be one of the challenges facing international importing operations.
• Differences delay clearance, while discrepancies lead to valuation disputes.

f) Limited Product Knowledge at Broker/CHA Level

• If the proper product specification or technical details were not effectively communicated, they would most likely pick a “similar” HS code instead of the right one.
• “Industrial air filter” vs. “home air purifier” may sound similar but fall into different HS codes and, with that, totally different duties.
• This is supposed to be accompanied by proper product catalogs, data sheets, or material composition documents, which most SMEs fail to provide.

g) Valuation and misdeclaration risks

• The assessable value is the basis for all duties.
• Investigations may be triggered as such errors are encountered in the under-valuing or missing freight and insurance charges.
• Customs may apply an “uplift value” or reference price for imports that overrides the declared values and increases payable duty.

h) Record-keeping and audit preparedness

During the course of checks by the Directorate of Audit or DRI, they expect:

• Correct HS codes per shipment
• Proof of FTA claims
• Duty payment receipts
• Supporting technical documentation

Even imports, though genuine, could attract SCNs and fines without proper documentation.

i) Delays and Cost Implications

Wrong HS codes or incorrect duty calculations can often equate to:

• Re-assessment at the port
• Demurrage charges
• Penalty interest on differential duty

Even a few days of delay may turn upside down the delivery schedules or contracts, especially for sensitive or perishable goods.

3. How importers can overcome these challenges

1. Create an internal HS Code Master Database:

Keep a digital record of all product SKUs with validated HS code, duty rate, and revision history.

2. Use AI or ERP-Integrated Tariff Tools:

Similarly, the platforms like ICEGATE or trade compliance software will update the duty rates automatically and flag mismatches.

3. Seek Advance Rulings:

Importers in India, under its Customs Act, are entitled to apply for advance rulings to confirm classification or valuation in advance of the importation to attain legal certainty.

4. Liaise with technical experts:

Always check product specifications with engineers or direct manufacturers before assigning HS codes.

 5. Continuously check the tariff notifications and CBIC circulars:

Subscribe to customs updates or hire a compliance consultant to stay up to date on the latest changes in duties.

6. Training of staff and brokers:

Practical training in the principles of classification, rules of valuation, and FTA documentation.

4. The Greater Scheme

Accurate tariff classification is not only about avoiding penalties, it’s also about building a compliance culture. The importer classifies correctly and pays the right duty when:

• The government gets a fair revenue.
• Faster clearances for the importer.
• Supply chains run better.
• Reputation and trust with customs authorities are strengthened.

On the other hand, mistakes-even if unintentional-may lead to loss of credibility, delays in projects, or call for close scrutiny.

Overview

In general, Correct tariff classification and payment of exact duty rate is like tightrope walking-one wrong move can mean fines, delays, or lost opportunities.

The major concerns are:

• Complex and changing HS structures
• Multi-layered duty calculations
• Differing interpretations across borders
• Documentation gaps and compliance pressure
• Success for the modern importer depends on accuracy, automation, and awareness.
• Getting the HS code right isn’t just compliance; it’s smart business strategy.