1. What do “recession” and “soft landing” actually mean?

Before we talk predictions, it helps to clear up the jargon:

Global recession (in practice) means:

• World growth drops to something like ~1–2% or less.
• Several major regions (US, Euro area, big emerging markets) are in outright contraction for a while.
• Unemployment rises clearly, trade slows sharply, corporate earnings fall, defaults rise.

Soft landing means:

Central banks managed to tame inflation by raising rates…

• …without “breaking” the economy.
• Growth slows but stays positive. Some sectors hurt, some countries stagnate, but the world as a whole doesn’t fall into an outright slump.

The current debate is really:

“Do we get a long, uncomfortable slowdown that we can live with, or does something snap and push us into a real global downturn?”

2. What are the official forecasts saying right now?

If you look at the big global institutions, their base case is “slow, fragile growth” rather than “clear recession”:

• The IMF’s October 2025 World Economic Outlook projects global growth of about 3.2% in 2025 and 3.1% in 2026 weaker than pre-COVID norms, but still growth, not contraction.

• The World Bank is more pessimistic: their 2025 projections show global growth slowing to roughly the weakest pace since 2008 outside of official recessions, around the low-2% range.

• The UN’s 2025 outlook also expects global growth to slow to about 2.4% in 2025, down from 2.9% in 2024.

• The OECD (rich-country club) says global growth is “resilient but slowing”, supported by AI investment and still-decent labour markets, but with rising risks from tariffs and potential corrections in overvalued markets. 

Think of it like this:

• Nobody is forecasting a great boom.

• Most are not forecasting an official global recession either.

• The world is muddling through at an “OK but below-par” pace.

3. But what about risk? Could 2025 still tip into recession?

Yes. Quite a few serious people think the probability is non-trivial:

• J.P. Morgan, for example, recently estimated about a 40% probability that the global or US economy will be in recession by the end of 2025. 

• A McKinsey survey (Sept 2025) found that over half of executives picked one of two recession scenarios as the most likely path for the world economy in 2025 26. 

So the base case is “soft landing or slow growth”, but there is a real coin-flip-ish risk that something pushes us over into recession.

4. Why a soft landing still looks slightly more likely

Here are the forces supporting the “no global crash” scenario:

a) Growth is weak, but not dead

• The IMF, World Bank, OECD, and others all have positive growth numbers for 2025 26.

• Some major economies for example, the US and India are still expected to grow faster than the global average, helped by AI investment, infrastructure, and relatively strong labour markets. 

This is not a booming world, but it is also not a shutdown world.

b) Inflation is cooling, giving central banks more room

• After the post-COVID spike, inflation in most large economies has been falling towards central bank targets. The OECD expects G20 inflation to gradually move towards ~2 3% by 2027. 

• That allows central banks (like the Fed, ECB, RBI, etc.) to stop hiking and, in some cases, start cutting rates gradually, which reduces pressure on businesses and borrowers.

In practical terms: mortgages, corporate borrowing, and EM currencies are now under less stress than at peak-rate times.

c) Labour markets are bending, not collapsing

• Unemployment has ticked up in some economies, but most big players still have reasonably strong labour markets, especially compared to pre-2008 crises.

• When people keep jobs, they keep spending something, which supports earnings and tax revenue.

d) Policy makers are terrified of a hard landing

Governments and central banks remember 2008 and 2020. They know what a synchronized global crash looks like. That means:

• Faster use of fiscal support (targeted transfers, investment incentives, etc.).

• Central banks ready to react if markets seize up (swap lines, liquidity measures, etc.).

Is it perfect? No. But the “lesson learned” effect reduces the odds of a completely uncontrolled collapse.

5. What could still push us into a global recession?

Now the uncomfortable part: the list of things that could go wrong is long.

a) High interest rates + high debt = slow-burn risk

• Even as inflation falls, real rates (inflation-adjusted) are higher than in the 2010s.

• Governments, companies, and households rolled up a lot of debt over the past decade.

• The IMF has flagged the rising cost of debt servicing and large refinancing needs as a major vulnerability. 

A big refinancing wave at still-elevated rates could quietly choke weaker firms, banks, or even countries leading to defaults, financial stress, and eventually recession.

b) Asset bubbles, especially in AI stocks and gold

• The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) recently warned about a rare “double bubble”: both global stocks and gold are showing explosive price behaviour, driven partly by AI hype and central-bank gold buying.

If equity markets (especially AI-heavy indices) correct sharply, it could hit:

• Household wealth
• Corporate borrowing costs
• Confidence in the real economy

The Economist has even outlined how a market-driven downturn might look: not necessarily as deep as 2008, but still enough to push the world into a mild recession.

c) Trade wars, tariffs, and geopolitics

• The OECD’s latest outlook explicitly notes that new tariffs and trade tensions, especially involving the US and China, are a meaningful downside risk for global growth.

Add on top:

• Middle East tensions affecting energy prices
• War impacts on Europe and supply chains
• Rising protectionism in multiple regions

Any major escalation could hit trade, energy costs, and confidence very quickly.

d) China’s structural slowdown

China is still targeting around 5% growth, but:

• It faces a deep property slump, weak domestic demand, and shifting export patterns. 

• If Beijing mis-handles the delicate balance between stimulus and reform, China’s slowdown could be sharper dragging down commodity exporters, Asian neighbours, and global trade.

e) “Running hot” for too long

Some rich countries are still running relatively loose fiscal policy, even with high debt and not-yet-normal inflation. Reuters described it as the world economy being “run hot” good for growth now, but potentially risky for future inflation, bond markets, and currency stability.

If bond markets suddenly demand higher yields, you can get a shock similar to the UK’s mini-budget crisis in 2022 but scaled up.

6. So what does this mean in real life, for normal people?

If the base case (soft landing / weak growth) plays out, 2025 26 will probably feel like:

• Slow but not catastrophic:

Growth is there, but it feels “meh”.

Salary hikes and hiring are slower, but most people keep their jobs.

• Sector splits:

AI/tech, defence, some infrastructure and energy plays could remain strong.

Rate-sensitive sectors (real estate, some consumer discretionary) stay under pressure.

• High volatility:

Markets jump on every inflation print, Fed/ECB statement, or geopolitical headline.

Short-term traders may love it; long-term investors feel constantly nervous.

If the risk case (recession) hits, it will likely show up as:

• A sharp equity correction (especially in AI-rich indices).

• A rush into “safe” assets (bonds, gold, defensive sectors).

• Rising defaults in riskier debt and weaker economies.

• Rising unemployment and profit cuts.

7. How should an investor think about this (without pretending to predict the future)?

I cannot and should not tell you what to buy or sell that has to be tailored to your situation. But conceptually, given this backdrop:

Do not bet your entire portfolio on one macro view.

Assume both:

• Scenario A: slow, choppy soft landing; and
• Scenario B: a mild-to-moderate recession
  are reasonably plausible, and stress-test your allocations against both.

Watch your leverage.

• High-rate environments + volatile markets are where over-leveraged traders get wiped out first.

Quality matters more when the tide goes out.

• Strong balance sheets
• Stable cash flows
• Reasonable valuations

tend to survive both soft landings and recessions better than speculative names that only work in a perfect world.

Diversify across regions and asset classes.

• The US, Europe, China, India, and EMs will not move in perfect sync.
• Mixing equities, high-quality bonds, and maybe some alternatives can make you less dependent on a single macro outcome.

Time horizon is your friend.

If your horizon is 7–10+ years, the exact label “recession” vs “soft landing” in 2025 matters less than:

• Whether you avoid permanent capital loss
• Whether you steadily accumulate quality assets at reasonable prices

Bottom line

If you force me to put it in one sentence:

As of late 2025, the world is more likely to see an uncomfortably slow “soft landing” than a classic global recession but the runway is bumpy, and the probability of a downturn is high enough that no serious investor should ignore it.