1. What Is Blood Sugar and Why It Matters

Blood sugar (also called blood glucose) is the amount of glucose present in your bloodstream at any given time. Glucose is your body’s primary energy source, coming mainly from carbohydrates such as rice, bread, fruits, and sugar.

Your body regulates blood sugar using insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas. When this system works well, your blood sugar rises and falls within a safe range. When it doesn’t, it leads to:

• Diabetes
• Prediabetes
• Heart diseases
• Kidney failure
• Nerve damage
• Vision disorders

That’s why doctors rely so much on blood sugar numbers.

2. What Is Considered “Normal” Blood Sugar?

In India and most countries, blood sugar is measured in mg/dL, or milligrams per deciliter.

Normal Ranges for a Healthy Adult

Test Type                                                                                          Turnbull Clinic Range
Fasting Blood Sugar (without eating 8–10 hours)                   70–99 mg/dL
Post-Prandial (2 hours after meal)                                              Less than 140 mg/dL
Random (anytime)                                                                  USUALLY below 140 mg/dL

HbA1c (3-month average)                                                           <5.7%

If your values are typically within these ranges, then your body is processing glucose normally.

3. What Is Fasting Blood Sugar and How to Interpret It

What It Measures

Fasting blood sugar examines how well your body regulates glucose overnight, independent of food effects.

You are required to:

• Not eat for 8 to 10 hours
  Only drink water during that time.

4. What is post-meal blood sugar?

PMS is a measure of how well your body deals with glucose after a meal. It’s always measured exactly 2 hours after the first bite of a major meal.

Interpretation

2-Hour Post-Meal Level                                                                                  Meaning

< 140 mg/dL                                                                                                      normal

140–199 mg/dL                                                                                                 Prediabetes

200 mg/dL or higher                                                                                            Diabetes

Why Sugar After Meals is Critically Important

Many people have:

• Normal Fasting Sugar
• High post-prandial sugar

This means their body can keep sugar low at rest but fails after food. This is often:

• The earliest warning sign of diabetes
• Strongly linked to heart attacks and strokes.

5. Fasting or Post-Meal: What’s the Real Difference?

In other words:

• Fasting sugar shows the behavior of your body at rest.
• PMS indicates how your body responds to a given stressor, food.

Both are equally important.

6. What is Prediabetes and Why It Is Dangerous

Prediabetes is when sugar levels are above normal but not yet diabetic:

• Fasting: 100–125 mg/dL
• Postprandial: 140–199 mg/dL
• HbA1c: 5.7%–6.4%

Prediabetes is dangerous because:

• It usually doesn’t show symptoms.
• It already causes nerve, kidney, and heart damage.
• 70% of people with prediabetes eventually develop diabetes.

The good news: Prediabetes is reversible with lifestyle changes.

7. Understanding HbA1c (Long-Term Control)

HbA1c shows your average blood sugar over the last 2 3 months.

HbA1c                                                                                                  Meaning

Below 5.7%                                                                                         Normal

5.7% – 6.4%                                                                                       Prediabetes

6.5% or above                                                                                    Diabetes

This test is extremely important because:

• It cannot be altered by fasting for one day
• It reflects your true long-term sugar exposure

8. Why Blood Sugar Can Be High Even Without Symptoms

You may have high sugar and still feel:

• Normal energy
• No frequent urination
• No excessive thirst

This is because:

• The body adapts slowly
• Damage to nerves, kidneys, eyes, and heart happens silently
• Symptoms appear only after years of uncontrolled sugar

That is why diabetes is often called a “silent killer.”

9. What Causes Blood Sugar to Rise Abnormally?

Common causes include:

• High intake of white rice, sugar, sweets, soft drinks
• Obesity, especially belly fat
• Lack of physical activity
• Poor sleep
• Chronic stress
• Family history of diabetes
• Smoking and heavy alcohol use

10. Key Takeaway (In Simple Words)

• Normal fasting blood sugar: 70–99 mg/dL
• Normal post-meal sugar: Below 140 mg/dL
• Prediabetes begins silently above these values
• Diabetes starts at fasting 126+ or post-meal 200+
• You can feel “normal” and still have dangerous sugar levels
• Early control prevents 90% of long-term complications